JFIFC    $ &%# #"(-90(*6+"#2D26;=@@@&0FKE>J9?@=C  =)#)==================================================" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?)GJUB&)sVn l ~D.AՂEІQJxx(<(()?wt?gi%7)TxLײ|?e`uxה jV>9Tc 㚆Cu8$"22O1G^VT<)D995[y@^6 jIkMժ;٦⠒;^k8tq`$Mmrs^jvb},Q=+~' 00u=LS% hP5+F[z )l,2r&G}(}p I8.2GtFFI9"e{8P uWQRLG͚I֋ ȻtI>sgOzpᾫyNzZ-м5JȐ )o%?fmo6c1J2- :wils"r.BZĢ(U>TFAFx<|AIA'JgI?,;j~eq;Xb_4J(8~U%(H |Nn1Qi;$}$=)5rPY#{[߸ijPFvdd7lm]hJY低 DpF$gXd=+n#Pn1q<;S-Yd[w$v6 яG$T'X n;r^?ZǛiǠZfiR,&v#[=vH_EpaQsvY``Z4>U46a08\'ޜ/mBVlx?0N&=*Y!cAjA?ښܶ@} (;~P"cb[]fd6fD1^z5ǵZ&4svӊɕR zSE-or{IR8]09xh #@lYDSM'CIcFcmGj={qm'Qsl`ɘ(VFͧ9Czn|| $r83j@&Uӱd\;rFSkv&Vv['㊩ e{6k׺}k1j 6NA&sapkY%iegg2ǵccz\+đ synCp@FݴXTt❄d#$`ԵwVjV6J!7-&K&5HI745 ,@<97̹}+6N@*1!FBWꦬʑ )0pTz=Aem2YY@9( :ptJ3})qQ06sV죓O #LgrXûNS*){8 z͌,c9ľ%ʐNFYzsna 3M&)=G$rYFcy S糐g=jȲW,5/m.jAfH289EWɏ>e$ O'և840bT:S$GPzO>$3ӭrܓ]{px2u+3\96# Iv5Dgq6pr+KV99OתXaR~ެ@+˭k#{oL0L͂@HO cvOe(I S.Γw;㵝%n\Ǿ+6۰@DtR #&! )?ty7UΖGBYN?JGϧN=EPW=+ccsypzT 1EJv#$mB&@@Wm7IdLhGgi9U*u:~?o8GM k᤮ B3V? #PƟp9'Uq 1ck_7`fƔ9#1m6}z8_JIbr/\NJY[5wϴ|ʪA+N3.yឤm/=1q޺Fk2Ƿr4$;r03\3Y?s+IvA&^9nK-ݵ9#+/vļo U :s%{RI+0/֑I _ϫW#ѩ$páJe޳h9d ynĂeщҚb# ױEȪsm+qr@ˆ>zd.Iv,cu 2:o[.8?8_) ad㡤 W9չL Mk\d;s ̅.Ŝװ$*G5J:no#l6xyzlJq]X'&^v h:i2R=5 `ʬC$ q]2/#]s`u5[뗰01Wm|Ifltq{p~FQWfʬYN?"{?F&8:x|沺+w4wҊǓ*F|dJ)s sKFa4^5 #=d21A9FVT+"А֣f#46yݞ)Zq]r .Q8WiN(+R[FgPw<QWsJ^3K' =1]:U{>e)J݃ND9^$Ԍ*Cs#v9AAߵ]'58vNJt"1]#hqvh̏,NgqJUN8*tЏBt#-r?x}|ל B:3(IJwn¼g2HO,kye?+W FI+l2r!ݤDOcڢ́RRvߊlΣ;[1sTA2hg7RJ7d=TL^+M;a:*2T\RL-19'B%sy c5[q\;)lހԙU59|8՗,9ipzkMd51!TA k4cֽwgbsiS.=if9Q \TQ({(q#Sގ7Oᔌ?ΠBTؔ1G\{֔]-ɫGp?Lw+n\ĝ|GO+4}ڂU_4[[q'Iʸnac73 i/"JC|,GT?Pk`PTH9ϮW@f\S$ʵFg-sZ"_;ʲ3ҼBF)V%4\V?@9MUp<a9Oih.Jhw5؊&TL洤#>Z,QU%ӚKBd_ϵyׅ kj0%Tks {Uh6|!E^zU؈ʭ/Lt%}Q`Tz(xJpcPXR+t#H8{V}Ǒ8#֤W.v'E#?ʰnT̳H$} [RRpTdžnL`:m\]ũVtrX63w^P$d;TWewY-ڢ>DO+Z (wg{_ʥKCD%#WORJ{ ?eus]˔,כr㰡2{t͚+śA&5c&3Ib4Sh֝ak%/[bl)>Ƹw!=wbg#EsQٶ\w՟4*`jLrYzlXGֵ|%=sևWH0,:zU uxXIq ̒=y{*maWwSsy2 GB*GngfySdfH##958YO+!Rcvlc\Jkp *uSz])JR<ѱA*{h剷 &݌{^_bˠvE ;#Մ ә7}GCJґxv?8b(j= { Hy'i@U Sa"\r{ӏK;) ]\5rqVDs#a]q޲ڃh+T!RÞv!q= nI漳A""$sE" #PhH$(F8Cy@tZJw2"u(#Q]f3C&ufRTy q;WW8kEs;=*?.Owpʤ5eI"TNOgk ^|,TmN= _e#⮫I5^@P1WJNݫƞ.ގǷ*j\M9S.:(sUlsVxe|wcUi2?(?z<ʕx_0/M r1 je55ű$za'8uz(@͎)QR `{ 8g)KA)PT+g&0H#$ƀ 8qc҆?{= 4*I 3L+`4`dQխ+2p~[?x8N{uW)cgb FO8?\Rќug Z0h`zFUM$T//=)~2Isd ʞ5Ư#"pzTVkwL:ȧ :S`ܬ=c5#r4 2qX\ß݅qOu4֗G.%/q[Q46(Ē\4dT>5c5̶4nㄔPYZˑpA$(7S)0'^¸pGzTc<}fХgpˌt3ۏ^gfMۚ_zgGvQ!JP2AӭO 6b@(؁j&~QM: >`:Hr=zW[l-WCG_HwUŢf$Cr&dgRFb (bNE.1n$=qVHݤJ5E>!MWVhFFM *I5yjٷdn4QW?;!9r<˜mw#7ӊ( w!@U~\QAHps), with bodyweight or more for the last set. That bodyweight is divided between the two legs, so that, even taking acceleration into account, the loading per leg is bodyweight or a little more, while the spine is subjected to the full load on the bar. In other words, the legs and spine in controlled squatting are exposed to significantly less force than in running and jumping. Normally, exercises such as squatting will be done no more than twice a week for a total of about 60 repetitions, while the running child will run every day and subject the body to those many thousands of impulsive foot strikes. <br> It does not require much scientific knowledge or computational genius to see that the cumulative loading imposed by simple running activities on the lower extremities and the spine is far greater than the cumulative load of two or three times a week of weight training. Does this now mean that we are justified in recommending that children not be allowed to run, jump, throw or catch because biomechanical research definitely shows that such activities can produce very large forces on many parts of the growing body? <br>It should be obvious then that there is nothing wrong with running and other normal activities of childhood, and therefore no reason to disallow activities of lesser impact, such as carefully structured programs of weight training.<br>Siff also notes that bone density scans have proven that youngsters who do competitive weightlifting (i.e., the snatch and the clean and jerk) have higher bone densities than children who do not use weights, and that clinical research has not shown any correlation between weight training and epiphysial damage. Further, an extensive Russian study on young athletes, published in a book entitled School of Height, concluded that heavy lifting tends to stimulate bone growth in young athletes rather than inhibit it.<br>Two possible reasons for the fear that weight training could stunt growth are that weightlifters tend to possess more muscle mass than other athletes and that smaller athletes are attracted to the sport. In gymnastics, the average height of elite athletes has steadily declined in the past several Olympics because shorter athletes tend to be more successful in this sport. But saying that weightlifting makes you shorter because many elite weightlifters are short would be like saying that basketball makes you taller because most professional basketball players are tall!<br><br>The Numbers Game<br><br>Risk of injury is another area of concern for some coaches and parents. In this regard, it s instructive to look at the many studies that have measured the rate of injuries associated with weight training compared to other sports. For example, a study published in the November/December 2001 issue of the Journal of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons cited research showing that in children aged 5 to 14 years, the number of injuries from bicycling was almost 400 percent greater than from weightlifting! Also, in a review paper on resistance training for prepubescent and adolescents published this year in Strength and Conditioning Coach (Vol. 9, No. 3), author Mark Shillington reported in a screening of sports-related injuries in school aged children that resistance training was the nominated cause of 0.7 ͣSoؒăly mf`O[%R~E\l+l"v#CbCK FQ7Ooc8_ @K)гQXe|倩$pHOJؔ H"5t`9ERw[{88ߏ5v԰-Qn愅eDO0m[}Bp:lG qB뵄y\)`u<{Kڎ`qs| ޡ}iG-dL2$RP\z7}Ym|PS˖$0 50ң!&(fnUc մ%U}qwSRm^ga*ؐ5d?KO`ASs{4_T]ld TW$90I] Zy.G<ұH˘[_FRѤ̅[v#]͞b2ojXr&;TigF.XHP], W{DQnw1""]$]+imRbd÷VZ\`2b9ِbJxJ XyA6_l4E]HH> (}YXnQCg,*HKGd7"WI[bnӭ{ !ds%`="|P1 9ImBV/6GE\+݉=-NY„ӤZuF1\+9tt^׳e7ߨJsfְV 8u.﷒q!~dyTR¤_wq*:x&֜ll˖bć8sVkvّuZe=‹"ɡ2:t9zS^%4S` E TgV97-KyJ zeh9Z9F7 Ur4vc3`e^VfueŷiđAB.D%%BG+ɷ- ۀ=GdOenK[n 0KG}|֍w 0{ F>T[^?#Ak3ѳ I[q @[m%ϊ/oiw<RC&'#14Ss|Ƌ e -@'/k %f@"Q̥qiF[Nn vqږ"5Vs0b.͟i*&k\G墻Pv#&d[:U> (Vi$6a>(=q?<#, en$#*9F< ×,C|%pxhyml*a\V01^##ԃa) T^GhE!ȋn͖uͼN&2*(˴*Wp7{iYvQm=YZ2+R,{9pSXqgĬxE&UYH1]׷Gx}V+*8SΒBDKe KIreRB#Iem\-+[hB&F `@i#qXԏr2p:]Ʀ\C A!Eo~Kz:ن,.8ݲ}T2$'@U'{3PKWsK],c]JaĔ{Xm/=v EKܵV窢hvlTAӫ 4lW#ef~{2b/#~Q2H7"v"FF 6A