JFIFC    $ &%# #"(-90(*6+"#2D26;=@@@&0FKE>J9?@=C  =)#)==================================================" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Uھ^F =~bAgEv?ZFL}{ zc @@SS,d HɟE 9#IX# ȤڻNȑG~# /sON M5W ,s@Ԏ sRrqj6#FAc9^ ym5r{Ւls$y+zt dzWe'b9S AGʪYP{sMt8rk Ǿ2Iq[7ڕ]YȳBuU XI4@qH*~[$A\+})JLM;v'ҏ/psj@ ǩp2}) JR( pM=) ל wۧM> L *~te#8)靸=)ȧ9Sœoz.122_ZxaOqGH$ij6Qנ8\p֐{PR<{󎘩qa N3{JR^JFqǥ!B0HҀ d'W~RVu<t7gި$qHܘ%q47eqvW߆mty[[+F[g.LUL+ocamq<0`}ˢx>ƅwuVTvi8Z'jr$uBU wjLcҴ2#T ӊӁޔ8#t텗c4ͼtM7 TWTϭ#$ԻzgҔ?V8 銝Sqzvcer{QV Oa896i?ʟ0{Ҙ>$ǥ9y4F4ƞC8@$zTErGSSd|c8%xqNMHzd=(\OG01UHxKhdcqy!淿=CTL ֫M΢BNʱ[]F;HjWךP۞A]irEhe>I$Ùn[eŸ2zWOzN7: Iw~:5HL2n?κ=ӁԚ٦)#l\T` h$@-N;.i'J z cN~23M1:S iBqHS{qϭ< CqEϭ*@N8Qg#ޞ0$=c9APo =iUXs҂18=zP<8HjzX1!95=ט @ǷZgּ{⾩j+4/>l+H+d"y.'i%r9,NI'5BsSvϵu+4` `Trd?87A+F4f@IpoCV)dpASЏB+471.os^wJL g* La5 8^. 9~fT접hg砤Ca4|/3\@Ă9#_7!N8lpk,CsfmFu%D(;SCOo^Bʾ9&8+)ճ7G.GA69ɩ2T U&PXǽ<7EGi7q۵H'یS7cI hF9 SDL4s@IN:QL7dv?OI^[q!&cYؕQF$c2FK~tj,2x=j޵dEr<6csJnCݩ85KN~mttjխį=i k抏yPԩ&[\VvDPqOTm7}ސ=lZ LE`Nv)b~p}¶c48!gLO~/%tA;qҳ=>-핚L- (ry \:8(G=S[8#Gk+3nctW'N$ cdnp {.qԃX<Q`~ciR\!T.@%~9-yr!cBT`"Cqz8:>m7Idp`7u^+޾V~J wº\:Mnc"$eA*#rY'M[Ғ-xOיGC0$l0zD1VhDsQ g~"\=60\< P?"8Zm RI{<@v֡jֵxnӳ25UG=k\ɪ\7b[pMWSQY #>TSxJA͚ [AFyvã`E9G.7sH[Kf)}n\dק51m]3+OMʺ{b)`jo$dN8`wtzyκY9ؿZv9zMY6chc0/7Cc~nqJњI]+ n67[hjgOrK,`E`g>|٨|U6%M7#j0"ݯKG\E)5 99]kԀ6?֮54 v㝡r˜j:}@혥a٣ک;>.NIXl%q6T#Ҋ{QRVDb ⥅NM]lԖFFƪiD,339f}*) qUv'+=M|~ G\"MH$$Q;jje'HJsG .@j^YU#憴*/R z >L[`@F~2sTS]V.ǽ5g A8– YE@Kj]ؚ4y3G_ZͳT܏kSSY#60VJAcZf?4_\g^չ VĖAl:?^Dǧӈʎ{pkdzī%:vU_$zv5%yB28 kOL&H gwL+7IO+MGl10I2\ Ҕq6vs4@3SJn2MNW=B@T\`݇9V)J3V Me> v@FqEHE0׮jE\A^m8&}iNOJURGi{{zzR~ 1h@r~=GN8@\:Fz`h1~t`3':AA^=iF= ʀ#smT{HCrz{._SYNsJ>u'?4)ɤ*GO$& ws@S*;g0FOHzcPDzk.~~6}0;=!P$QRAQ@ 8*iP;E£QEetired.<br><br>The Bigger They Are . . .<br><br>One of the major - and unfounded - concerns about weight training for young athletes is that it could cause damage to the epiphysial (growth) plates. <br>Although injury to the epiphysial plates may cause bone deformity, there is little risk of this occurring with weight training compared to most sports. As for the risk of weight training stunting growth, premature closing of the epiphysial plates is related primarily to hormonal influences, not injury. Addressing this subject is Mel Siff, Ph.D., an exercise scientist whose doctorate thesis examined the biomechanics of soft tissues. <br> It has never been shown scientifically or clinically that the periodic imposition of large forces by weight training on the growing body causes damage to the epiphysial plates, says Siff, in his book Facts and Fallacies of Fitness.  It is extremely misleading to focus on the alleged risks of weight training on children when biomechanical research shows that simple daily activities such as running, jumping, striking or catching can impose far greater forces on the musculoskeletal system than very heavy weight training. <br>To illustrate his point, Siff compared the stress of squatting with running.  Suppose that one child runs a few hundred meters a day in some sporting or recreational activities. This can easily involve several thousand foot strikes in which the reaction force imposed on the body can easily exceed 4 times bodyweight with every stride. Now let another child do a typical average weight training session with 3-5 sets of squats (say, with 10 reps, 8, 6 and 4 reps), with bodyweight or more for the last set. That bodyweight is divided between the two legs, so that, even taking acceleration into account, the loading per leg is bodyweight or a little more, while the spine is subjected to the full load on the bar. In other words, the legs and spine in controlled squatting are exposed to significantly less force than in running and jumping. Normally, exercises such as squatting will be done no more than twice a week for a total of about 60 repetitions, while the running child will run every day and subject the body to those many thousands of impulsive foot strikes. <br> It does not require much scientific knowledge or computational genius to see that the cumulative loading imposed by simple running activities on the lower extremities and the spine is far greater than the cumulative load of two or three times a week of weight training. Does this now mean that we are justified in recommending that children not be allowed to run, jump, throw or catch because biomechanical research definitely shows that such activities can produce very large forces on many parts of the growing body? <br>It should be obvious then that there is nothing wrong with running and other normal activities of childhood, and therefore no reason to disallow activities of lesser impact, such as carefully structured programs of weight training.<br>Siff also notes that bone density scans ha