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(H~QHc;~(`9><4QT*%h,^QEQK QMwu^2<lSmM;EE!<,rQX j hHVU &W$㊔nj ECܒ SgQHA'Vӡea;91\ d84QH-5,7$p:E\dňoy $4+qQ[ 69LCDZEf4QZ4kv9QY݃?r><br>Stepping off a box (not jumping, as the thigh muscles must be relaxed during the fall) and immediately rebounding upward upon landing is considered an example of a shock training exercise for the lower body. Performing Marine Corps push-ups where you clap your hands, land, and then immediately perform another repetition is an example of shock training for the upper body. One of the charactristics of shock training is a brief transition phase, which is the pause that occurs immediately after the eccentric phase ends and before the concentric phase begins. Such dynamic activity is required to take advantage of two processes: 1) the reflex increase in muscle tension caused by the sudden impact stimulus, and 2) the relase of elastic energy stored in the tendons and muscles developed during the eccentric phase energy that can be refocused to help an athlete jump higher and farther and run faster. As illustrated in Figure 1, a delay as long as .25 seconds would prevent the athlete from being able to use that energy, and he activity would have to be regarded as low- or medium-level plyometrics. Says Siff,  A useful visualization of shock training is to imagine that the surface being touched by the hands or feet during the plyometric contact phase is red hot, so that any prolonged contact would be dangerous. Verkhoshansky s research has revealed that shock training is the most effective type of plyometrics. In one 12-week study, Verkhoshansky divided track and field athletes into two groups. The first group performed 1472 low-and medium-level plyometric activities, including squats. The other group performed 475 jumps using the sh are not clean, it gives the other players an unfair dvantage, said Sweeney. He wants to create a level playing field.<br>I have always disagreed with calling steroids performance enhancing drugs. When you do, everyone automatically assumes steroids give a big advantage. To the contrary, steroids don t work in the long term. If I wanted to be a pennant contender year after year, I would insist that my players not go near steroids. Then we would have the advantage. In August of 2002, major league players voted to accept testing for steroids. This is further evidence that Caminiti and Canseco were wron in their estimations of the number of players on steroids. The players are to be congratulated on their testing decision. <br>Benji Gill of the Angels said that he had faced the pressure to take steroids at the end of the 1999 season (44 percent of players acknowledge there is some pressure to take steroids to compete in the majors).  I talked to people (two doctors and a trainer) about steroids. They told me that it wasn t worth the risk. To be honest, I ve never witnessed anyone doing it, so I would never go and ask someone if they were using steroids. I just figured it wasn t worth it. At the time, I was married and hadn t started a family. The doctors said they didn t know if any problems might be passed on to my children. <br>Yankee outfielder Shane Spencer offers this perspective:  I think,  Do I want to be crippled when I am done with baseball? I make good money now. I don t need to risk my health to make more. <br>Brook Fordyce, Orioles catcher, tries to ut himself in the shoes of a 19-year-old,  If everyone else is doing it, I might have to do it. If high school kids start doing it, they might be on it for a long time. Hopefully these kids are smart enough to realize they re putting poison in their bodies and giving themselves a chance to get real sick. <br>The National Institute on Drug Abuse advises that steroids interfere ith normal hormone production, causing a kind of drug-induced sex change---men can become feminized, with shrunken testicle