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None were reported. Not only has Kraemer thoroughly examined creatine, he also used it when he was a competitive athlete as did his 17-year-old daughter when she played high school tennis and his 15-year-old son when he was weight lifting. Again, no adverse side affects. Creatine does have one well-documented side effect. It causes an increase in muscle mass. When taken as prescribed it has the capacity to increase body weight by as much as seven pounds in five days.<br>Are there any long term effects? The long term effect of creatine has never been studied. However, creatine has been used in the past and without incident. Athletes in the 1940s and 1950s used it until steroids became available. They switched to steroids because they got results much faster. The Eskimos ingest up to four grams of creatine per day through their high consumption of meat and fish, twice that of Americans, and, have not had any documented ill effects.<br>How much time is considered long term? Is it 5 years, 10 years, or 50 years? The FDA has been studying creatine since it exploded onto the sports scene in 1992. Dr. Mike Stone from Appalachian State University, a leader in the field of Muscle Physiology, has been studying athletes who have been taking creatine for as long as six years. To date, there are no reports of kidney, heart or liver problems.<br>Since there is no documented evidence that creatine is a health hazard, the benefits of accelerated muscle development using creatine, far outweigh at least one alternative - using anabolic steroids. For those concerned about sending the wrong message to young adults, consider this; it is a great service to young people to let them know there is a viable alternative to using anabolic steroids.<br><br>_______________________________________<br><br>Creatine is criticized <br>for the following<br><br>1. It could have been a cause in the death of three college wrestlers who died trying to  make weight. <br><br>2. It caused muscle cramping due to water retention and dehydration.<br><br>3. Creatine has an adverse effect on liver and kidney function.<br><br>4. It is lacking in long term research.<br><br>5. To a lesser degree of concern, creatine causes stomach upset, diarrhea and nausea.<br><br><br><br> in a high school environment over a one year or career span of time.&nbsp;</P> <P>I believe standard periodization models can be great for mature college athletes engaged in an individual sport such as track. With a few adjustments, it should also be great for athletes who are starters in a tem sport like football. Adjustments and fine tuning is the "art" of coaching.&nbsp;</P> <P>The second half of Dr. Stone's presentation was centered on the results of research studies on periodization. This was quite frustrating. The studies were those which showed periodization was better than systems using 3 sets of 6 reps, 5 sets of 6, or one set to failure. Well of course it is. Anytime you vary your workout you are going to have better results than if you do the same thing day after day and week after week. I present this in a form of a question at BFS Clinics. Every time, every kid says that variation is better. I guess that was what was so frustrating. Why do research on something everyone knows? I want to see research done on different adjustment possiblities within periodization. Dr. Stone answered, "There is still a lot of people that don't know variation is best. That's why I presented those particular studies." The studies presented were fine and interesting but we in 1996 should be way beyond that. Dr. Stone concluded, "It's not the work that is important but how you manipulate the variables." The studies presented found out that multiple sets work better th