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o0 Q- 1v jG(:&:VgTh ~QLPws^( Z([E "4Q@ƙ)k}EP# i g h l y r e s p e c t e d r e s e a r c h e r s , D r . B i l l K r a e m e r , D r . R i c k K r e i d e r , a n d M r . M i k e S t o n e t o d a t e , n o u n d e s i r a b l e s i d e e f f e c t s h a v e b e e n f o u n d . K r e i d e r s t u d i e d t h e e f f e c t s o f c r e a t i n e o n c o l l e g e f o o t b a l l p l a y e r s a n d r e p o r t e d " n o i m p a c t o n t e s t s o f l i v e r o r k i d n e y f u n c t i o n . " K r a e m e r e x a m i n e d a c t i v e c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s a t P e n n S t a t e a f t e r a h e a v y w o r k o u t . H e a l s o f o u n d n o s i d e e f f e c t s f r o m t h e u s e o f c r e a t i n e . H e e x a m i n e d h o r m o n e l e v e l s , b l o o d p r o f i l e s a n d m u s c l e b i o p s i e s . P a r t i c i p a n t s a l s o f i l l e d o u t q u e s t i o n n a i r e s r e g a r d i n g a n y s i d e e f f e c t s s u c h a s c r a m p i n g , d i a r r h e a , n a u s e a . N o n e w e r e r e p o r t e d . N o t o n l y h a s K r a e m e r t h o r o u g h l y e x a m i n e d c r e a t i n e , h e a l s o u s e d i t w h e n h e w a s a c o m p e t i t i v e a t h l e t e a s d i d h i s 1 7 - y e a r - o l d d a u g h t e r w h e n s h e p l a y e d h i g h s c h o o l t e n n i s a n d h i s 1 5 - y e a r - o l d s o n w h e n h e w a s w e i g h t l i f t i n g . A g a i n , n o a d v e r s e s i d e a f f e c t s . C r e a t i n e d o e s h a v e o n e w e l l - d o c u m e n t e d s i d e e f f e c t . I t c a u s e s a n i n c r e a s e i n m u s c l e m a s s . W h e n t a k e n a s p r e s c r i b e d i t h a s t h e c a p a c i t y t o i n c r e a s e b o d y w e i g h t b y a s m u c h a s s e v e n p o u n d s i n f i v e d a y s . < b r > A r e t h e r e a n y l o n g t e r m e f f e c t s ? T h e l o n g t e r m e f f e c t o f c r e a t i n e h a s n e v e r b e e n s t u d i e d . H o w e v e r , c r e a t i n e h a s b e e n u s e d i n t h e p a s t a n d w i t h o u t i n c i d e n t . A t h l e t e s i n t h e