JFIFC    $ &%# #"(-90(*6+"#2D26;=@@@&0FKE>J9?@=C  =)#)==================================================h" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?n|%e={}K˽gR23qY0sVwҷ]>v  &y|UN M=@\9ԭi{NPr:uAPUI'ta]^EfYCSi`j۸FW^WaHA =qCnwgUe*Yk(=i7i4Us*zE]5,ש5J6J60A*6- B5c+)!] 5%6Vwr[/p_=ꓶ'm / `l-TڽiڜAX?6+MJ)\D>Lp^k^mV;n va۽IJ:Tq7ބL{V+9-,rFvD&Rx=X3ՕĞ:O x鮶M8VZEF^@px"vo x-n?+uUFWё8_T} #Auj2Dˇ Џz_RчY$U$}U|Nm)}/__¢Ijײ $dG, 4^"4zeڊ>}_>s'yCzt9'EŘjk.Y%#=pA9߭jZ[iw2\ k|#@99Wkr#uICm.pZ w6>jğ jjĐlĮy=3yamHW+STuI. oҠ$Vl#EygX~iEidkRZmNsHTт;U]RAw{2C 4۫k%[+`d5Nj[#QIܑ5(ZIpuT;LVe(fߔzjkcVX/“=iZʥ7֎wZ*\FvCu`zǥCdmhbP`$jHḳ*ц푞&,dk:'NFN:{SR\-ۮ.t=kkNK۫K>z >̩Ӧ:0XvOs+E*Kgg=y"1:ţ9\  ɩNI݉ČyviͬIA|3}+*Ck³LT29D%A՘{cjgb:߃JTڮMme2iI mqx{xCJeC%A\*1F#?>啯㴉0$8_lⵋWg4i4Q~UR HY!#*:eM[͎KIyB PKKT;dmc=CVZJ[,6F( #{|96 ajnBx!YTk"dF}+ HnQg_qEr Ɵ;fsY-$|lg޴As)ԟBh*mmixܫZEdrՔQ>6wWUMl(9VGN{rL[g{;cҌ23z -gE"j#s}'L7= M패 ==Rm꙽8;4O+H0 k٧`%8z kkw?Tgf8\00}kv.G=E(w{Ӽx\;RZ<=eaw%eo!O#[W_xa8ah"b%$lԎLnF3m7#\[Ud#'q7W?oJ1r TLVZm\ǐI~&x1(ZT?+0*rP Y\s.Ux\]q$\Vo}2\4/+@sM^k˕%s:L3,OFs\CwCgɂ4Tl|~_hZjqX YHU I@SLǶGZE9ls5Oh5yM:p܏O񦁧[ivZn/Tr;:WӵͳX$YA>7ɦ-*Lh]tmu 6K Z+WIӮmfGLpd¶9^B]w)x2~;}3leJsZ:TtBKGUCg'w:JǼ~׈^^ Α +9XDxT.xLnO\,ŘS[7:kZZ@ZEsO{Y3[N+FC :׸hc7M|wL{GYxPR{]W#fhy崬 &|C[ 3R,4n*q{#T %zqI9܎{Ct+kJ35JlT;MNj*h8qn8Es{p ZmnhFAR)Nr7i䦺?8+m䌖XA;z9;N3TC*nEmèSʻ0. fakG=J. ;u"+o>#:{}+<:0=Ba2?UƓ.ĔtSgyc8uR`g3 }.VhT?uR23#zꅥjFZ4τ4HF s֊uAi4lngڭ&=ͣw4b]!-"#g ͸$(ǜIeoRi|ͳO*Σk7L#0+ѵ.G,|="8'$Bxm[r9GO\I,R=ibӢf#&k)JF8Eix3jnBOܥt5wKQ\JM`s k[I`9\.~#EC 9f3R=8=\nY6FOE]&gJ 9v8Y\a oWuQٔQE[ 0$U9R1n5"DLcdtSL*zTi{!ckm<0h[q&ivkS\9#EUZ&A -MYDk{b+QcUz;mF_&EHXoB J։I EHڴwe5گ9EU(&u];aQop>Ф$7#*g9brzԠ^EP"q8>0"OQ@p9ݛOE_13}i#EN?QHs that it could cause damage to the epiphysial (growth) plates. <br>Although injury to the epiphysial plates may cause bone deformity, there is little risk of this occurring with weight training compared to most sports. As for the risk of weight training stunting growth, premature closing of the epiphysial plates is related primarily to hormonal influences, not injury. Addressing this subject is Mel Siff, Ph.D., an exercise scientist whose doctorate thesis examined the biomechanics of soft tissues. <br> It has never been shown scientifically or clinically that the periodic imposition of large forces by weight training on the growing body causes damage to the epiphysial plates, says Siff, in his book Facts and Fallacies of Fitness.  It is extremely misleading to focus on the alleged risks of weight training on children when biomechanical research shows that simple daily activities such as running, jumping, striking or catching can impose far greater forces on the musculoskeletal system than very heavy weight training. <br>To illustrate his point, Siff compared the stress of squatting with running.  Suppose that one child runs a few hundred meters a day in some sporting or recreational activities. This can easily involve several thousand foot strikes in which the reaction force imposed on the body can easily exceed 4 times bodyweight with every stride. Now let another child do a typical average weight training session with 3-5 sets of squats (say, with 10 reps, 8, 6 and 4 reps), with bodyweight or more for the last set. That bodyweight is divided between the two legs, so that, even taking acceleration into account, the loading per leg is bodyweight or a little more, while the spine is subjected to the full load on the bar. In other words, the legs and spine in controlled squatting are exposed to significantly less force than in running and jumping. Normally, exercises such as squatting will be done no more than twice a week for a total of about 60 repetitions, while the running child will run every day and subject the body to those many thousands of impulsive foot strikes. <br> It does not require much scientific knowledge or computational genius to see that the cumulative loading imposed by simple running activities on the lower extremities and the spine is far greater than the cumulative load of two or three times a week of weight training. Does this now mean that we are justified in recommending that children not be allowed to run, jump, throw or catch because biomechanical research definitely shows that such activities can produce very larg