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The long term effect of creatine has never been studied. However, creatine has been used in the past and without incident. Athletes in the 1940s and 1950s used it until steroids became available. They switched to steroids because they got results much faster. The Eskimos ingest up to four grams of creatine per day through their high consumption of meat and fish, twice that of Americans, and, have not had any documented ill effects.<br>How much time is considered long term? Is it 5 years, 10 years, or 50 years? The FDA has been studying creatine since it exploded onto the sports scene in 1992. Dr. Mike Stone from Appalachian State University, a leader in the field of Muscle Physiology, has been studying athletes who have been taking creatine for as long as six years. To date, there are no reports of kidney, heart or liver problems.<br>Since there is no documented evidence that creatine is a health hazard, the benefits of accelerated muscle development using creatine, far outweigh at least one alternative - using anabolic steroids. For those concerned about sending the wrong message to young adults, consider this; it is a great service to young people to let them know there is a viable alternative to using anabolic steroids.<br><br>_______________________________________<br><br>Creatine is criticized <br>for the following<br><br>1. It could have been cause in the death of three college wrestlers who died trying to  make weight. <br><br>2. It caused muscle cramping due to water retention and dehydration.<br><br>3. Creatine has an adverse effect on liver and kidney function.<br><br>4. It is lacking in long term research.<br><br>5. To a lesser degree of concern, creatine causes stomach upset, diarrhea and nausea.<br><br><br><br>victims and potential victims of hazing. In addition to encouraging victims of hazing to seek counseling, below are a few of Nuwer s practical suggestions on how hazing can be prevented.<br>Hazing is a serious problem with potentially dangerous consequences, but if we all work together as a team, hazing does not have to be a fact of life. You can t run faster than a speeding locomotive or leap tall buildings in a single bound, but you can certainly become strong enough to stand up and say no to hazing!<br><br><br><br>Nuwer s practical suggestions on how hazing can be prevented.<br><br> Help establish welcome programs for first-year and transfer students.<br><br> Reconsider all traditions in all school groups.<br><br> Urge schools to take precautions to prevent hazing on team buses, in locker rooms and during trips.<br><br> Get involved in the prevention of gangs.<br><br> Complain to sports channels and the news media about athletic hazing. <br>Poliquin alters his training strategies to accommodate the requirements of various field athletes. He comments,  The different implements require different amounts of force in the force-velocity curve. In other words, the heavier the implement, the stronger the athlete has to be. The hammer throw requires more strength than the discus or javelin, and the shot put requires the most explosive strength. Thus, to use a simple example, a hammer thrower may need to concentrate more on the squat, whereas the shot-putter ma!5ēO3;Vŵ Bm##+U_+/s;qݘ5*}HEY*P4Mc5Rgcsyb\Z-4_Q9MD U~10bwj}J&{