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U@x&^siָUaNH-ZI5(E+z$ÁZ:?k9'G9܄dUUKMTl VR1\]KORaQnw3/lרp<^dXhv+U*f4; g 敮>0^B`R7rn=LV+8#h csާCLe)p6p>(0~VNLdK 9>f͍?)ԫ1c/HgV2 8ՔW%@ VLcM 3i=@'j'8"7GV[9lDOSUsǥG"Wć֚PzrOi'g͡Ebn52+x?DdHq $ $*E5,H44|`JcUO~]^pZ)i jJe/c~"+rHrS 7*T2qԄentric phase ends and before the concentric phase begins. Such dynamic activity is required to take advantage of two processes: 1) the reflex increase in muscle tension caused by the sudden impact stimulus, and 2) the release of elastic energy stored in the tendons and muscles developed during the eccentric phase energy that can be refocused to help an athlete jump higher and farther and run faster. As illustrated in Figure 1, a delay as long as .25 seconds would prevent the athlete from being able to use that energy, and the activity would have to be regarded as low- or medium-level plyometrics. Says Siff,  A useful visualization of shock training is to imagine that the surface being touched by the hands or feet during the plyometric contact phase is red hot, so that any prolonged contact would be dangerous. Verkhoshansky s research has revealed that shock training is the most effective type of plyometrics. In one 12-week study, Verkhoshansky divide track and field athletes into two groups. The first group performed 1472 low-and mdium-level plyometric activities, including squats. The other group performed 475 jumps using the shock training method. Although the shock training groupral of the European women at one of the first World Championships gave themselves "wedgies" and tied knots in the suits to make them more flattering.<br> <br>Injury-Proofing the Female Athlete<br><br>In recent years many individuals have tried to instill a fear in athletes and coaches that Olympic lifting was dangerous and heaven forbid that a woman compete in the sport! The appropriate way to train, according to some, was very slowly. As for exercise selection, they insisted the emphsis should be on nonspecific bodybuilding movements, and the less emphasis on freeweight lifts the better.<br><br>Responding to such propaganda is exercise scientist Dr. Mel Siff, who did his Ph.D. thesis on the biomechanyWƦf Sltm>ySMڌ:["9v!@+** zbϹ\ o07;#,A#>yw `2+7qdn?O+mݧewGt=[yPU#"Sq*O'  ~xÔBBzcj:bhbӈK*An?3gDk_z1@8S;גb99=zudÕ\_In%8@QN1zTܟtbkV2|Z4lP* (jl;r4Mꦃ s_ӑD Nƀ'*riod. And if you tell athletes never to lift weights overhead as in a push press or jerk, then you should not allow them to throw footballs or baseballs either.<br>Siff also emphasizes that the danger of weightlifting prematurely closing the growth plates of young girls is exaggerated, since running and jumping can impose even greater loads on the bones and joints. If we were to take this myth seriously, then we would have to restrict all girls and boys to walking and swimming!<br>Another factor not considered by the slow-training proponents is that Olympic lifting can help prevent injuries by properly developing the nervous system. Siff says these same people make the mistake of concentrating on how much weight is being lifted. "The most important thing in re is when American coaches say that Verkhoshansky recommends that athletes should be able to squat 1-1/2 times their bodyweight before performing shock training methods. In fact, Verkhoshansky says it would be unwise to wait until an athlete reaches this level of strength before performing shock training because it takes considerable time and practice to perfect these exercises. Furthermore, many athletes may never reach that level of leg strength! 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