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A5&GM`ρwM/'?qpsnxs~I@\g`sISNs=3)n=*,>l1Ҁ"rGN(A!1t-$W2H/@oSZ; $c=sy34 [X N̿>XH}HT5j =jxWաuӈwf1 Q.>q㏧Zv!>sS2H7dJ8*Wm{[#)q ӆ}i.G> o·+<~F2?Jdѱi5X5 GN:ӗ891H`Fe2yy5"'͸iy z턆[Y)+֧&{?s}h%}휒M0M$cQKځ J&)@ 8&T :jf^&nTy}g8֊96u(x銐 #VC: c4HdF x=()em`Fx&$  2^-(ԳDLx^i4o4iO>#IL;U\`8'E րcޕ?uGR8JS xsM^W` O#ڀn涁n3!#?}}RC!$=*r7#i#*)8iately after the eccentric phase ends and before the concentric phase begins. Such dynamic activity is required to take advantage of two processes: 1) the reflex increase in muscle tension caused by the sudden impact stimulus, and 2) the release of elastic energy stored in the tendons and muscles developed during the eccentric phase energy that can be refocused to help an athlete jump higher and farther and run faster. As illustated in Figure 1, a delay as long as .25 seconds would prevent the athlete from being able to use that energy, and the activity would have to be regarded as low- or medium-level plyometrics. Says Siff,  A useful visualization of shock training is to imagine that the surface being touched by the hands or feet during the plyometric contact phase is red hot, so that any prolonged contact would be dangerous. Verkhoshansky s research has revealed that shock training is the most effective type of plyometrics. In one 12-week study, Verkhoshansky divied track and field athletes into two groups. The first group performed 1472 low-and medium-level plyometric activities, including squats. The other group performed 475 jumps using the shock training method. Although the shock training group performed a third less work, these athletes showed greater improvement in reactive ability than the group using traditional methods.<br>Again, this is why you should regard weight training (including the Olympic lifts) and most forms of commonly used plyometrics as valuable  readiness activities for shock training. <br><br>Shock training is a powerful tool for athletic training, but because it places such high levels of tension on the muscles and stress on the nervous system, it must be approached with caution. This entails first developner you can establish the proper motor patterns in lifting the better. The toughest athletes to teach are the kids who are maybe 16 to 18 and have done a lot of bodybuilding exercises it gets very frustrating for them. I think that especially for a kid who s pretty bright and has an appropriate attention span, the younger you can get them started the better.<br><br>BFS: You were one of the first coaches to train athletes twice a day. Did you encounter criticism from other weightlifting coaches for training that frequently?<br><br>Schnorf: Certainly. The accepted practice was generally to train every other day, so the idea that an athlete could train six days a week or twice a day some days was just not looked upon as being appropriate at that time.<br><br>BFS: Are there any problems related to the age at which an athlete begins lifting twice a day? <br><br>Schnorf: An athlete who starts such frequent training younger has a big advantage over an athlete who begins at a later age, especially in terms of how the body handles it and frequently in how the mind handles it. One of the problems with older lifters trying to train this frequently is that they have a lot more stress and personal obligations and may not have the ability to focus like a kid who doesn t have all those pressures.<br><br>BFS: You have a reputation for pushing your athletes through brutally hard training sessions. Is that true?<br><br>Schnorf: At the 1979 Friendship Cup in Russia, Stewart lifted well while the other US lifters didn t lift very well. On the plane back someone asked Stewart why the pressure didn t seem to bother him, and he said,  I have more pressure on me every day in the gym than I ever had in Russia. 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