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M~hcJKD@\Z$3M$f'ht`tutӚqm[ϲۮ':^%fV j?:3SXƤEa&qC22#,8:}׽8[zXl_6I'Ӧ++׉w96rGjWxk.bX33#F)F;qq%ŢX0+&^ !;yhǸYλ 3qVs]sv?44-B搭28:L"C:Xf>qR޹k98VVLuDSVdO$fdVfoALCNVM1[\ƑXx#9l9 ;ȣ%r`8ǽ!wNܵ_6*~aN5"MğDRkxfMvu >uh2quZȋF"~>_Q>$I 6RpOIEFX@ S7Ejq\C{9oSn$7RC c]ľѝQb`V¢RIIN+b?<;w|Ako4i0#I"KNp*-ZMGJ$֢e 9ͬ +"HԮ*)dvN:{UK`7$grc-.T١klױH6ɂ3Lu=ёF^ rdsѦmW%N[Ѷ9>t3m= a5t\wJfpZܘ;q֖!`e8U=$ OBĸ6`df/dNib;8nէFI}ul~ R9ۻfjkh2OiZJ[LcҵDLI2IϥId#_lb}ձ5#m47c A ;ئr9Y 7 pGGwg5 q>ޢWu^Ƙyap$o'IsWC*A` J͎X5Z+#(~>h6<'̑$F?z-"<}13$43 H}׃$@CZV3e#(ң.^kf#B_R1SgR$qE65t8*,ܰjRqۚ?gCYlS⩅ ~PzSɆIltC#1t Λ*QS1j(/&7RHY Ec(;JK!z)O¯'ǰ{"# -[+lt=U=+>E66HGAaݏқͬm>?*٢`^l RpH=ִ6 l1ҕL2I>sKd{ Uy'GheuGǽ*x[р⚨XN#+@0Usl8 dV5>D@~f(^ QTƛsSp'XYB| 98ҧۃvq̸ 쥻tENu3\0.H4:\O!-'8CJG*Are there any long term effects? The long term effect of creatine has never been studied. However, creatine has been used in the past and without incident. Athletes in the 1940s and 1950s used it until steroids became available. They switched to steroids because they got results much faster. The Eskimos ingest up to four grams of creatine per day through their high consumption of meat and fish, twice that of Americans, and, have not had any documented ill effects.<br>How much time is considered long term? Is it 5 years, 10 years, or 50 years? The FDA has been studying creatine since it exploded onto the sports scene in 1992. Dr. Mike Stone from Appalachian State University, a leader in the field of Muscle Physiology, has been studying athletes who have been taking creatine for as long as six years. To date, there are no reports of kidney, heart or liver problems.<br>Since there is no documented evidence that creatine is a health hazard, the benefits of accelerated muscle development using creatine, far outweigh at least one alternative - using anabolic steroids. For those concerned about sending the wrong message to young adults, consider this; it is a great service to young people to let them know there is a viable alternative to using anabolic steroids.<br><br>_______________________________________<br><br>Creatine is criticized <br>for the following<br><br>1. It could have been a cause in the death of three college wrestlers who died trying to  make weight. <br><br>2. It caused muscle cramping due to water retention and dehydration.<br><br>3. Creatine has an adverse effect on liver and kidney function.<br><br>4. It is lacking in long term research.<br><br>5. To a lesser degree of concern, creatine causes stomach upset, diarrhea and nausea.<br><br><br><br>raining. Strength Conditioning, 17: 28-32.<br><br>Faigenbaum, A. (2002). Resistance training for adolescent athletes. Athletic Therapy Today. 7(6): 30-35.<br><br>Faigenbaum, A. (2001). Strength training and children s healh. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 72: 24-30.<br><br>Faigenbaum, A. (2000). Strength training for children and adolescents. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 19: 593-619.<br><br>Faigenbaum, A., et al. (2001). Effects of different resistance training protocols on upper body strength and endurance development in children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(4): 459-465.<br><br>Faigenbaum, A., & Chu, D. (2001, December). Plyometric training for children and adolescents. ACSM Current Comment.<br><br>Faigenbaum, A., Kraemer, W., Cahill, B., et al. (1996). Youth resistance training: position statement paper and literature review. Strength & Conditioning, 18: 62-75.<br><br>Faigenbaum, A., LaRosa Loud, R., O Connell, J., et al. (2001). Effects of different resistance t