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James Acton, a student, was denied participation in his high school football program when he and his parents refused to consent to the testing.<br><br>The constitutional question was:  Does random drug testing of high school athletes violate the reasonable search and seizure clause of the Fourth Amendment? The conclusion by the court was that it did not violate these rights. In the case of high school athletes, under the state s supervision, during school hours, they are subject to greater control than other free adults. The privacy interests comprised by urine samples are negligible since the conditions of collection are similar to public restrooms, and the results are viewed by limited authorities. The court also stated that goveJ9aJ0q)`;qG0xLdJ[HJhTzROFiB .0ڐ7!G(FҜb A<BR ۊu.JFzV2v=i=j\1cRi@ފp^z(TD`Ff8VuИklι;>9D bG:}wp~^)$WoS'ٺM5 Įק(A#%xмWFRM4\pA?8%Iexnm)r9ҧ["H׾hxry7`XX'zQQm1QMJ]yok=1#*1J0@*K%/H^$cT+J;Xh"э❈! Vm`c\  {i1򊊵\f#?(qx8 TPxcްZb1.#gD8՝R 1By)OnI+YvK@ NxS gCF">f``LXz<*r}EFwa(nYczSIaO'?šz9 "$yҜz}J.@ 22q=(7-rly balanced with a wide grip and has some assurance that the bar will remain secure on his shoulders.&nbsp; He is now ready to place the bar on the shoulders.&nbsp; </P> <P align=left><STRONG>B. Bar Position:</STRONG>&nbsp; A very common mistake for athletes who squat is placing the bar too high on the shoulders.&nbsp; In fact, many athletes place the bar right on the neck.&nbsp; This hurts, so they'll use a barbell pad.&nbsp; For most athletes, this also affects proper balance for heavy squatting.&nbsp; The vast majority of athletes will squat more and squat more effectively with more comfort when the bar is placed lower on the shoulders as shown in figure 9.&nbsp; Only a very, very small percentage of athletes will be able to squat&nbsp; more effectively with a high bar placement and this is because of structural differences in bone length and tendon-muscle attachments.</P> <P align=left>Some power lifters will place the bar extremely low on the shoulders.&nbsp; Sometimes the bar may be as much as four inches from the top of the shoulders, which is against the rules.&nbsp; For some lifters, this may give a slight anatomical advantage or the advantage may be experienced because of a heavy, tight lifting suit or even lack of flexibility.&nbsp; Whatever the reason, extreme low&nbsp;bar placement squatting will detract from overall leg development which is obviously bad for an athlete.</P> <P align=left>Most athletes will be able to find a natural groove on the shoulders when they come under the bar in a proper position.&nbsp; "Don't put the bar on your neck; put it on your shoulders.&nbsp; Find a groove."&nbsp; In almost every case, if you say these technique cues, athletes will be able to have excellent bar placement during their squat.</P> <P align=left><STRONG>C. Taking the Bar off the Rack:</STRONG>&nbsp; I've seen high school athletes get all psyched to squat and get their shoulders 2-3 inches under the bar.&nbsp; Then, with an explosive movement, jam their shoulders against the bar.&nbsp; Well, jamming your shoulders against a steel bar from this 2-3 inch space will cause the athlete to bruise his neck or shoulders.&nbsp; Besides hurting, it is unlikely the athlete will have the bar placed on his shoulders correctly.<