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Ow&pcuWlrźe>wţKl`pEr/(/L:X$˸}\ڱU+~ j,VOhv* v8IHɬC×u-„uw/܎| )V=,Q\2 Ȏ@~gEPԦnoJ+ZjOgWv]I!8 t=g]CW^®[J' U;'񭨽,̱QӼw[ݝR""o|t/v|O ?1K0'9֡ڳ=mu}y"F+ygpp}3Dy B$c4W z`;%Ty@ž lRNܞzt&_n@j9fimŸD/b{Ė!@F4WT589KTċAQeG/;Wt+BFnɰdm?>a 1Z4e#ץcn-ЁlYܼdCqFdf8@ssFm՞mYJ x\Ξ eToAW湒ց# ~e( i<br>Stepping off a box (not jumping, as the thigh muscles must be relaxed during the fall) and immediately rebounding upward upon landing is considered an example of a shock training exercise for the lower body. Performing Marine Corps push-ups where you clap your hands, land, and then immediately perform another repetition is an example of shock training for the upper body. One of the characteristics of shock training is a brief transition phase, which is the pause that occurs immediately after the eccentric phase ends and before the concentric phase begins. Such dynamic activity is required to take advantage of two processes: 1) the reflex increase in muscle tension caused by the sudden impact stimulus, and 2) the release of elastic energy stored in the tendons and muscles developed during the eccentric phase energy that can be refocused to help an athlete jump higher and farther and run faster. As illustrated in Figure 1, a delay as long as .25 seconds would prevent the athlete from being able to use that energy, and the activity would have to be regarded as low- or medium-level plyometrics. Says Siff,  A useful visualization of shock training is to imagine that the surface being touched by the hands or feet during the plyometric contact phase is red hot, so that any prolonged contact would be dangerous. Verkhoshansky s research has revealed that shock training is the most effective type of plyometrics. In one 12-week study, Verkhoshansky divided track and field athletes into two groups. The first group performed 1472 low-and medium-level plyometric activities, including squats. The other group performed 475 jumps using the shock training method. Although the shock training groupral of the European women at one of the first World Championships gave themselves "wedgies" and tied knots in the suits to make them more flattering.<br> <br>Injury-Proofing the Female Athlete<br><br>In recent years many individuals have tried to instill a fear in athletes and coaches that Olympic lifting was dangerous and heaven forbid that a woman compete in the sport! The appropriate way to train, according to some, was very slowly. As for exercise selection, they insisted the emphsis should be on nonspecific bodybuilding movements, and the less emphasis on freeweight lifts the better.<br><br>Responding to such propaganda is exercise scientist Dr. Mel Siff, who did his Ph.D. thesis on the biomechanyWƦf Sltm>ySMڌ:["9v!@+** zbϹ\ o07;#,A#>yw `2+7qdn?O+mݧewGt=[yPU#"Sq*O'  ~xÔBBzcj:bhbӈK*An?3gDk_z1@8S;גb99=zudÕ\_In%8@QN1zTܟtbkV2|Z4lP* (jl;r4Mꦃ s_ӑD Nƀ'*riod. And if you tell athletes never to lift weights overhead as in a push press or jerk, then you should not allow them to throw footballs or baseballs either.<br>Siff also emphasizes that the danger of weightlifting prematurely closing the growth plates of young girls is exaggerated, since running and jumping can impose even greater loads on the bones and joints. If we were to take this myth seriously, then we would have to restrict all girls and boys to walking and swimming!<br>Another factor not considered by the slow-training proponents is that Olympic lifting can help prevent injuries by properly developing the nervous system. Siff says these same people make the mistake of concentrating on how much weight is being lifted. "The most important thing in re